Tag Archives: mutation

CNN Breaking News: Richard Holbrooke, U.S. Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan, Has Died

Richard Holbrooke, U.S. Special Rep. for Afghanistan and Pakistan, has died, a senior administration official confirms. Holbrooke dies days after heart surgery From Jill Dougherty and Elise Labott, CNN December 13, 2010 7:47 p.m. EST U.S. diplomat Richard Holbrooke is “a towering figure in American foreign policy,” President Barack Obama says. Washington (CNN) — U.S. diplomat Richard Holbrooke has died, a senior administration official told CNN Monday evening. Holbrooke had undergone surgery in the past three days to repair a tear in his aorta, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Monday. “He had a very serious medical emergency on Friday,” Clinton said at a news conference in Quebec, Canada, with foreign ministers from Canada and Mexico. “He has received excellent care including many hours of surgery in the last three days. He is stable but still in very critical condition.” Earlier, a State Department official said Holbrooke was “absolutely fighting in an unbelievable way.” Holbrooke remains unconscious after an additional procedure to aid circulation following the initial surgery on his aorta, the main artery of the body, the State Department said. At a holiday reception for U.S. diplomats later Monday, President Barack Obama praised Holbrooke as “simply one of the giants of American foreign policy” who has served the nation “with distinction for nearly 50 years,” including his work in negotiating the 1995 Dayton Accords that ended the Bosnian war in the former Yugoslavia. “As anyone who has ever worked with him knows — or had the clear disadvantage of negotiating across the table from him — Richard is relentless,” Obama said. “He never stops. He never quits. Because he's always believed that if we stay focused, if we act on our mutual interests, that progress is possible. Wars can end. Peace can be forged.” Holbrooke in critical condition The president said he and his family were praying for Holbrooke's recovery, “and I know that everyone here joins me when I say that America is more secure — and the world is a safer place — because of” his work. “And he is a tough son of a gun, so we are confident that, as hard as this is, that he is going to be putting up a tremendous fight,” Obama said. Holbrooke, the special U.S. representative on Afghanistan and Pakistan, is getting “fantastic care” at George Washington University Hospital, the State Department official said. It is the same hospital where Ronald Reagan was taken after being shot in 1981. Holbrooke was taken there Friday after feeling ill at the State Department. Clinton expressed appreciation for what she called an outpouring of concern and support from “presidents, prime ministers, foreign ministers” who have called the State Department since news of Holbrooke's illness broke. His surgeon continues to meet with the family to gives frequent updates, and Holbrooke “is receiving great support from a broad and growing community of family and friends,” the State Department official said. “It's remarkable how many messages of support (his wife, Kati Marton) and the family keep receiving from all corners: foreign ministers and ambassadors from around the world, President (Bill) Clinton, senators and congressmen, colleagues from this Af/Pak job, from Vietnam, from the Balkans, from the U.N., from the private sector,” the official said. Clinton and Joint Chiefs Chairman Adm. Mike Mullen have visited the hospital numerous times, according to the State Department source, who said: “They've each come three times, informally chatting with family members, friends and staffers, and really helping to buoy the assembled.” The State Department also said Afghan President Hamid Karzai and Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari called Holbrooke's wife Sunday morning. Zardari told CNN's Reza Sayah that Holbrooke is a “fighter.” He said he told Holbrooke's wife to be “brave.” “I'm sure he will fight for his life, and he will come out of it,” Zardari said. Asked to reflect on Holbrooke's impact on the Pakistani region, Zardari called him an “extremely hard-working man” who can “get things done which would otherwise take weeks to get through.” http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/12/13/holbrooke.illness/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN… added by: EthicalVegan

BIG NEWS: Stem cell transplant has cured HIV infection in ‘Berlin patient’, say doctors

Doctors who carried out a stem cell transplant on an HIV-infected man with leukaemia in 2007 say they now believe the man to have been cured of HIV infection as a result of the treatment, which introduced stem cells which happened to be resistant to HIV infection. The man received bone marrow from a donor who had natural resistance to HIV infection; this was due to a genetic profile which led to the CCR5 co-receptor being absent from his cells. The most common variety of HIV uses CCR5 as its ‘docking station’, attaching to it in order to enter and infect CD4 cells, and people with this mutation are almost completely protected against infection. The case was first reported at the 2008 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Boston, and Berlin doctors subsequently published a detailed case history in the New England Journal of Medicine in February 2009. They have now published a follow-up report in the journal Blood, arguing that based on the results of extensive tests, “It is reasonable to conclude that cure of HIV infection has been achieved in this patient.” The case history The 'Berlin patient' is an HIV-positive man who developed acute myeloid leukaemia, received successful treatment and subsequently experienced a relapse in 2007 that required a transplant of stem cells. Doctors chose stem cells from an individual who had an unusual genetic profile: a mutation inherited from both parents that resulted in CD4 cells that lacked the CCR5 receptor. This mutation, called CCR5 delta 32 homozygosity, is present in less than 1% of Caucasians in northern and western Europe, and is associated with a reduced risk of becoming infected with HIV. This is because all new infecting viruses need to use the CCR5 receptor on CD4 cells when infecting an immune system cell of the CD4 type. Later in the course of HIV infection another type of virus emerges that can use the CXCR4 receptor instead. Before the stem cell transplant the patient received chemotherapy treatment that destroyed most immune cells and total body irradiation, and also received immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection of the stem cells. Antiretroviral therapy was halted on the day of the transplant, and the patient had to receive a second stem cell transplant 13 days after the first one, due to a further relapse of leukaemia. The patient continued to receive immunosuppressive treatment to prevent rejection for 38 months, and at 5, 24 and 29 months post-transplant colon biopsies were taken to investigate possible graft-versus-host disease in the intestine. At each investigation additional samples were taken to check for signs of HIV infection in the abundant immune cells of the gut wall. During the 38 month follow-up period the donor CD4 cells repopulated the mucosal immune system of the gut, to such an extent that the frequency of CD4 cells was almost twice as high as in HIV-negative healthy controls, and this phenomenon was also seen in a control group of ten HIV-negative individuals who received stem cell transfers. The repopulation of CD4 cells was accompanied by the complete disappearance of host CD4 cells, and after two years the patient had the CD4 count of a healthy adult of the same age. One of the challenges for any approach to curing HIV infection is long-lived immune system cells, which need to be cleared before a patient can be cured. In the case of the Berlin patient CCR5-bearing macrophages could not be detected after 38 months, suggesting that chemotherapy had destroyed these longer-lived cells, and that they had also been replaced by donor cells… (More in the link) added by: rhetoricallyineffective